2 Toward the end of investigating this issue, the conception of language as calculus is contrasted with the conception of language as a universal medium. This opposition was originally proposed by Jean van Heijenoort in his 1967 paper, "Logic as Language and Logic as Calculus," in order to classify two main streams of contemporary logic. Not long afterwards Jaako Hintikka extended its application from logic in the strict sense to language in general.³" /> Phenomenology as calculus? - Nuki Shigeto | sdvig press