given as opposed to the constructed. However, in its zeal in favour of the given, positivism — in some of its modern forms — has taken recourse to constructions and reductions. The purpose of this paper is to argue out the case for a positivism which refuses to construct and to reduce and which, instead of dogmatically clinging to one favoured mode of givenness, recognises a hierarchy of such modes. This type of positivism may be named " higher positivism ' ; it is opposed to " lower ' positivism which takes recourse to constructions and reductions and which admits some sort of sensuous experience as the only mode of givenness." /> Modes of givenness - Mohanty Jithendra Nath | sdvig press