Zeichentheorie) and the theory of unconscious inference. In this paper I explore an interpretation of the Zeichentheorie and argue that Helmholtz maintains a strong residue of a causal realist theory of perception throughout his life. The argument will include the discussion of a case study from Helmholtz's research on hearing, specifically, his influential resonance theory of hearing." /> Helmholtz's methodology of sensory science, the zeichentheorie, and physical models of hearing mechanisms - McDonald Patrick J. | sdvig press