xRy' were reduced to subject-predicate propositions "ϕ x', where "ϕ' is a name for the complex or relational property of "having R to y'. This view had far-reaching consequences and lent support to monistic metaphysics. Since every object stands in some relations to outside things, nothing can be adequately described unless it is considered as a part of a whole and in its manifold relations to every other object. Moreover, nothing except the whole of reality is self-contained. Finally, no proposition is true unless it is entailed by propositions about reality as a whole. Some metaphysical views, which ascribe to reality otherwise unjustifiable fundamental characteristics, result from an incorrect logical analysis of language and an inadequate theory of universals." /> The relevance of the problem of universals and the rejection of the three classic doctrines - Jordan Z. | sdvig press